Objective : Faced with vertical deviation (VD) in elderly individuals, Sagging Eye Syndrome (SES) and Fourth Nerve Palsy are the two most common diagnoses, sometimes challenging to differentiate. We aim to highlight elements of the clinical examination that help specify the diagnosis.
Patients and Methods : Two elderly patients with similar complaints of vertical diplopiawere examined using the Harms tangent screen. One was diagnosed with Fourth Nerve Palsy, and the other with SES.
Results : Examination of Fourth Nerve Palsy reveals a VD that increases in adduction ofthe hypertropic eye, with a positive Bielchowski test. The deviation pattern is typical, with incomitant VD, increased excyclotorsion in infraversion, and more significantdiplopia in lateral gaze. In SES, a nearly concomitant VD is observed with slightexcyclotorsion, but a negative or reversed Bielchowski test. Motor analysis reveals limitedelevation and binocular single vision field with increased diplopia in supraversion.
Conclusion : Simple oculomotor examination is limited in differentiating between SES and Fourth Nerve Palsy in the elderly. Studying torsion and verticality in all gaze directions and binocular vision field helps identify differential signs. The Harms tangent screenenables these measurements to be conducted simultaneously.